Home  ›  Fruits That Are Part of the Rose Family

Fruits That Are Part of the Rose Family

Written By domingo, 6 de março de 2022 Add Comment Edit

Rose family of flowering plants

Not to exist dislocated with Rosacea.

Rosaceae , the rose family, is a medium-sized family of flowering plants, including four,828 known species in 91 genera.[3] [4] [v]

The name is derived from the type genus Rosa. Among the well-nigh species-rich genera are Alchemilla (270), Sorbus (260), Crataegus (260), Cotoneaster (260), Rubus (250),[5] and Prunus (200) which contains the plums, cherries, peaches, apricots, and almonds.[six] However, all of these numbers should be seen as estimates – much taxonomic work remains.

The family Rosaceae includes herbs, shrubs, and trees. Most species are deciduous, only some are evergreen.[7] They have a worldwide range, only are most diverse in the Northern Hemisphere.

Many economically of import products come from the Rosaceae. It includes many edible fruits, such equally apples, pears, quinces, apricots, plums, cherries, peaches, raspberries, loquats, strawberries, rose hips, hawthorns and almonds. It also includes popular ornamental trees and shrubs, such as roses, meadowsweets, rowans, firethorns and photinias .[7]

Distribution

The Rosaceae have a cosmopolitan distribution, being found nearly everywhere except for Antarctica. They are primarily concentrated in the Northern Hemisphere in regions that are not desert or tropical rainforest.[v]

Historical taxonomy

The family was traditionally divided into six subfamilies: Rosoideae, Spiraeoideae, Maloideae (Pomoideae), Amygdaloideae (Prunoideae), Neuradoideae, and Chrysobalanoideae, and nigh of these were treated as families past various authors.[eight] [9] More recently (1971), Chrysobalanoideae was placed in Malpighiales in molecular analyses and Neuradoideae has been assigned to Malvales. Schulze-Menz, in Engler's Syllabus edited by Melchior (1964) recognized Rosoideae, Dryadoideae, Lyonothamnoideae, Spireoideae, Amygdaloideae, and Maloideae.[10] They were primarily diagnosed past the structure of the fruits. More than recent work has identified that not all of these groups were monophyletic. Hutchinson (1964)[xi] and Kalkman (2004) [12] recognized only tribes (17 and 21, respectively). Takhtajan (1997) delimited 21 tribes in 10 subfamilies:[two] Filipenduloideae, Rosoideae, Ruboideae, Potentilloideae, Coleogynoideae, Kerroideae, Amygdaloideae (Prunoideae), Spireoideae, Maloideae (Pyroideae), Dichotomanthoideae. A more modern model comprises three subfamilies, one of which (Rosoideae) has largely remained the same.

While the boundaries of the Rosaceae are not disputed, in that location is no general understanding as to how many genera it contains. Areas of divergent opinion include the handling of Potentilla s.l. and Sorbus s.50.. Compounding the problem is that apomixis is mutual in several genera. This results in an uncertainty in the number of species contained in each of these genera, due to the difficulty of dividing apomictic complexes into species. For example, Cotoneaster contains betwixt seventy and 300 species, Rosa around 100 (including the taxonomically complex dog roses), Sorbus 100 to 200 species, Crataegus betwixt 200 and ane,000, Alchemilla around 300 species, Potentilla roughly 500, and Rubus hundreds, or perhaps even thousands of species.

Phylogeny

The phylogenetic relationships between the three subfamilies within Rosaceae are unresolved. At that place are iii competing hypotheses:

Amygdaloideae basal Dryadoideae basal Rosoideae basal

Amygdaloideae

Rosoideae

Dryadoideae

Dryadoideae

Amygdaloideae

Rosoideae

Rosoideae

Dryadoideae

Amygdaloideae

Amygdaloideae basal

Amygdaloideae has been identified as the earliest branching subfamily by Chin et al. (2014),[13] Li et al. (2015),[xiv] Li et al. (2016),[xv] and Sun et al. (2016).[16] Most recently Zhang et al. (2017) recovered these relationships using whole plastid genomes:[17]

The sister relationship between Dryadoideae and Rosoideae is supported past the following shared morphological characters non establish in Amygdaloideae: presence of stipules, separation of the hypanthium from the ovary, and the fruits are usually achenes.[17]

Dryadoideae basal

Dryadoideae has been identified as the earliest branching subfamily by Evans et al. (2002)[18] and Potter (2003).[19] Near recently Xiang et al. (2017) recovered these relationships using nuclear transcriptomes:[20]

Rosoideae basal

Rosoideae has been identified as the primeval branching subfamily by Morgan et al. (1994),[21] Evans (1999),[22] Potter et al. (2002),[23] Potter et al. (2007),[24] Töpel et al. (2012),[25] and Chen et al. (2016).[26] The following is taken from Potter et al. (2007):[24]

The sister relationship between Amygdaloideae and Dryadoideae is supported by the following shared biochemical characters not found in Rosoideae: production of cyanogenic glycosides and production of sorbitol.[17]

Characteristics

Rosaceae can be woody trees, shrubs, climbers or herbaceous plants.[27] The herbs are by and large perennials, just some annuals also exist.[28]

Leaves

The leaves are more often than not arranged spirally, but have an opposite arrangement in some species. They can be simple or pinnately compound (either odd- or even-pinnate). Compound leaves appear in around xxx genera. The leaf margin is virtually often serrate. Paired stipules are mostly present, and are a archaic feature within the family unit, independently lost in many groups of Amygdaloideae (previously chosen Spiraeoideae).[24] The stipules are sometimes adnate (attached surface to surface)[29] to the petiole. Glands or extrafloral nectaries may exist present on foliage margins or petioles. Spines may be present on the midrib of leaflets and the rachis of compound leaves.

Flowers

Flowers of plants in the rose family unit are generally described as "showy".[30] They are radially symmetrical, and nearly always hermaphroditic. Rosaceae generally have five sepals, five petals, and many spirally arranged stamens. The bases of the sepals, petals, and stamens are fused together to class a feature cup-like construction called a hypanthium. They tin can be arranged in spikes, or heads. Lonely flowers are rare. Rosaceae have a variety of color petals, simply bluish is nigh completely absent.[27]

Fruits and seeds

The fruits occur in many varieties and were once considered the master characters for the definition of subfamilies amongst Rosaceae, giving rising to a fundamentally artificial subdivision. They tin be follicles, capsules, nuts, achenes, drupes (Prunus), and accessory fruits, like the pome of an apple, or the hip of a rose. Many fruits of the family are edible, simply their seeds often contain amygdalin, which can release cyanide during digestion if the seed is damaged.[31]

Genera

Identified clades include:

  • Subfamily Rosoideae: Traditionally composed of those genera bearing aggregate fruits that are made upwardly of small achenes or drupelets, and often the fleshy part of the fruit (e.chiliad. strawberry) is the receptacle or the stalk begetting the carpels. The circumscription is at present narrowed (excluding, for example, the Dryadoideae), but it still remains a various grouping containing five or half-dozen tribes and xx or more than genera, including rose, Rubus (blackberry, raspberry), Fragaria (strawberry), Potentilla, and Geum.
  • Subfamily Amygdaloideae: Inside this group remains an identified clade with a pome fruit, traditionally known equally subfamily Maloideae (or Pyroideae) which included genera such as apple, Cotoneaster, and Crataegus (hawthorn). To carve up it at the subfamily level would go out the remaining genera as a paraphyletic group, so it has been expanded to include the former Spiraeoideae and Amygdaloideae.[24] The subfamily has sometimes been referred to by the name "Spiraeoideae", but this is not permitted by the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants.
  • Subfamily Dryadoideae: Fruits are achenes with hairy styles, and includes v genera (Dryas, Cercocarpus, Chamaebatia, Cowania, and Purshia), most species of which class root nodules which host nitrogen-fixing bacteria from the genus Frankia.

Economic importance

The rose family is considered one of the six most economically important crop found families,[32] and includes apples, pears, quinces, medlars, loquats, almonds, peaches, apricots, plums, cherries, strawberries, blackberries, raspberries, sloes, and roses.

Many genera are also highly valued ornamental plants. These include copse and shrubs (Cotoneaster, Chaenomeles, Crataegus, Dasiphora, Exochorda, Kerria, Photinia, Physocarpus, Prunus, Pyracantha, Rhodotypos, Rosa, Sorbus, Spiraea), herbaceous perennials (Alchemilla, Aruncus, Filipendula, Geum, Potentilla, Sanguisorba), alpine plants (Dryas, Geum, Potentilla) and climbers (Rosa).[7]

All the same, several genera are also introduced noxious weeds in some parts of the world, costing coin to be controlled. These invasive plants tin can take negative impacts on the diverseness of local ecosystems once established. Such naturalised pests include Acaena, Cotoneaster, Crataegus, Pyracantha, and Rosa.[7]

In Republic of bulgaria and parts of western Asia, the product of rose oil from fresh flowers such as Rosa damascena, Rosa gallica, and other species is an of import economic manufacture.[27]

Gallery

The family Rosaceae covers a broad range of trees, bushes and plants.

  • Buzzy burr (Acaena magellanica)

    Buzzy burr (Acaena magellanica)

  • Common lady's mantle (Alchemilla vulgaris)

    Common lady'southward mantle (Alchemilla vulgaris)

  • Goat's beard (Aruncus dioicus)

    Caprine animal's beard (Aruncus dioicus)

  • Maule's quince (Chaenomeles japonica)

    Maule'south quince (Chaenomeles japonica)

  • mountain mahogany (Cercocarpus betuloides)

    mountain mahogany (Cercocarpus betuloides)

  • Common hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna)

    Common hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna)

  • Creeping cotoneaster (Cotoneaster adpressus)

    Creeping cotoneaster (Cotoneaster adpressus)

  • Shrubby cinquefoil (Dasiphora fruticosa)

    Shrubby cinquefoil (Dasiphora fruticosa)

  • Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica), a fruit tree typical by flowering in autumn

    Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica), a fruit tree typical past flowering in autumn

  • Pearlbush (Exochorda racemosa)

    Pearlbush (Exochorda racemosa)

  • Dropwort (Filipendula vulgaris)

    Dropwort (Filipendula vulgaris)

  • Musk strawberry (Fragaria moschata) valued for its intense aroma

    Musk strawberry (Fragaria moschata) valued for its intense aroma

  • Old man's whiskers (Geum triflorum)

    Former man'due south whiskers (Geum triflorum)

  • Kerria japonica

    Kerria japonica

  • Apple tree blossoms (Malus pumila)

    Apple tree blossoms (Malus pumila)

  • Common medlar (Mespilus germanica)

    Mutual medlar (Mespilus germanica)

  • Red Tip Photinia (Photinia x fraseri) popular for red color of its new growths

    Red Tip Photinia (Photinia x fraseri) popular for red color of its new growths

  • Common ninebark (Physocarpus opulifolius)

    Common ninebark (Physocarpus opulifolius)

  • Creeping cinquefoil (Potentilla reptans)

    Creeping cinquefoil (Potentilla reptans)

  • Mature fruit of an almond tree (Prunus dulcis)

    Mature fruit of an almond tree (Prunus dulcis)

  • Blackthorn (Prunus spinosa)

    Blackthorn (Prunus spinosa)

  • Stansbury's cliffrose (Purshia stansburyana)

    Stansbury's cliffrose (Purshia stansburyana)

  • Scarlet firethorn (Pyracantha Coccinea)

    Scarlet firethorn (Pyracantha Coccinea)

  • Nashi pear (Pyrus pyrifolia) typical for Asian countries

    Nashi pear (Pyrus pyrifolia) typical for Asian countries

  • Rhodotypos scandens, a Japanese shrub with fruits high in toxic amygdalin

    Rhodotypos scandens, a Japanese shrub with fruits loftier in toxic amygdalin

  • The silky rose (Rosa sericea) known for its ornamental prickles

    The silky rose (Rosa sericea) known for its ornamental prickles

  • Salmonberry (Rubus spectabilis)

    Salmonberry (Rubus spectabilis)

  • Great burnet (Sanguisorba officinalis)

    Not bad burnet (Sanguisorba officinalis)

  • Autumn foliage of the Korean mountain ash (Sorbus alnifolia)

    Autumn leafage of the Korean mountain ash (Sorbus alnifolia)

  • Rose meadowsweet (Spiraea splendens)

    Rose meadowsweet (Spiraea splendens)

References

  1. ^ Zhang South.-D.; Jin J.-J.; Chen S.-Y.; et al. (2017). "Diversification of Rosaceae since the Late Cretaceous based on plastid phylogenomics". New Phytol. 214 (3): 1355–1367. doi:10.1111/nph.14461. PMID 28186635.
  2. ^ a b Takhtajan A. (1997). Variety and Classification of Flowering Plants. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 1–620. ISBN978-0231100984.
  3. ^ "The Institute List: Rosaceae". Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and Missouri Botanic Garden. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
  4. ^ Christenhusz, M. J. Thou. & Byng, J. W. (2016). "The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase". Phytotaxa. 261 (three): 201–217. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.261.iii.1.
  5. ^ a b c "Flowering plant Phylogeny Website". mobot.org.
  6. ^ Bortiri, E.; Oh, S.-H.; Jiang, J.; Baggett, South.; Granger, A.; Weeks, C.; Buckingham, M.; Potter, D.; Parfitt, D.E. (2001). "Phylogeny and Systematics of Prunus (Rosaceae) every bit Determined by Sequence Analysis of ITS and the Chloroplast trnL–trnF Spacer Deoxyribonucleic acid". Systematic Botany. 26 (iv): 797–807. doi:10.1043/0363-6445-26.4.797 (inactive 31 October 2021). JSTOR 3093861. {{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of October 2021 (link)
  7. ^ a b c d Watson, L.; Dallwitz, M.J. (1992). The families of flowering plants: Descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval. Version: 21 March 2010. delta-intkey.com.
  8. ^ Caratini, Roger. La Vie de plantes. 1971. Encyclopédie Bordas.
  9. ^ Lawrence, G.H.M. 1960. Taxonomy of Vascular Plants. Macmillan.
  10. ^ Schulze-Menz GK. (1964). "Rosaceae". In Melchior H (ed.). Engler'south Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien. Vol. II (12 ed.). Berlin: Gebrüder Borntraeger. pp. 209–218.
  11. ^ Hutchinson J. (1964). The Genera of Flowering Plants. Vol. 1, Dicotyledons. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 1–516.
  12. ^ Kalkman C. (2004). "Rosaceae". In Kubitzki One thousand (ed.). Flowering plants—Dicotyledons: Celastrales, Oxalidales, Rosales, Cornales, Ericales. The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Vol. 6 (1 ed.). Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. pp. 343–386. doi:10.1007/978-iii-662-07257-viii. ISBN978-3-540-06512-viii. S2CID 12809916.
  13. ^ Chin SW, Shaw J, Haberle R, Wen J, Potter D (2014). "Diversification of almonds, peaches, plums and cherries—Molecular systematics and biogeographic history of Prunus (Rosaceae)". Mol Phylogenet Evol. 76: 34–48. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.02.024. PMID 24631854.
  14. ^ Li HL1,2, Wang W1, Mortimer PE3,4, Li RQ1, Li DZ4,5, Hyde KD3,iv,vi, Xu JC3,4, Soltis DE7, Chen ZD1. (2015). "Big-scale phylogenetic analyses reveal multiple gains of actinorhizal nitrogen-fixing symbioses in angiosperms associated with climate modify". Sci Rep. 5: 14023. Bibcode:2015NatSR...514023L. doi:10.1038/srep14023. PMC4650596. PMID 26354898. {{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  15. ^ Li HL, Wang W, Li RQ, Zhang JB, Sun M, Naeem R, Su JX, Xiang XG, Mortimer PE, Li DZ, Hyde KD, Xu JC, Soltis DE, Soltis PS, Li J, Zhang SZ, Wu H, Chen ZD, Lu AM (2016). "Global versus Chinese perspectives on the phylogeny of the N-fixing clade". Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 54 (four): 392–399. doi:10.1111/jse.12201. S2CID 88546939.
  16. ^ Lord's day Miao, Naeem Rehan, Su Jun-Xia, Cao Zhi-Yong, Burleigh J. Gordon, Soltis Pamela Due south., Soltis Douglas E., Chen Zhi-Duan (2016). "Phylogeny of the Rosidae: A dense taxon sampling analysis". Periodical of Systematics and Evolution. 54 (4): 363–391. doi:ten.1111/jse.12211. {{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors listing (link)
  17. ^ a b c Zhang SD, Jin JJ, Chen SY, Chase MW, Soltis DE, Li HT, Yang JB, Li DZ, Yi TS (2017). "Diversification of Rosaceae since the Late Cretaceous based on plastid phylogenomics". New Phytol. 214 (3): 1355–1367. doi:10.1111/nph.14461. PMID 28186635.
  18. ^ Evans RC, Campbell C, Potter D, Morgan D, Eriksson T, Alice L, Oh SH, Bortiri East, Gao F, Smedmark J, Arsenault Thousand (two–seven August 2002). "A Rosaceae phylogeny". Abstracts. Botany 2002—Phytology in the Curriculum: Integrating Research and Teaching. Madison, Wisconsin: Botanical Society of America, St. Louis. p. 108.
  19. ^ Potter D. (2003). "Molecular phylogenetic studies in Rosaceae". In Sharma AK, Sharma A (eds.). Plant Genome: Biodiversity and Development. Vol. one, Part A: Phanerogams. Enfield, NH: Scientific Publications. pp. 319–351. ISBN978-1-578-08238-4.
  20. ^ Xiang Y, Huang CH, Hu Y, Wen J, Li S, Yi T, Chen H, Xiang J, Ma H (2017). "Evolution of Rosaceae fruit types based on nuclear phylogeny in the context of geological times and genome duplication". Mol Biol Evol. 34 (2): 262–281. doi:10.1093/molbev/msw242. PMC5400374. PMID 27856652.
  21. ^ Morgan DR, Soltis DE, Robertson KR (1994). "Systematic and evolutionary implications of rbcL sequence variation in Rosaceae". Am J Bot. 81 (7): 890–903. doi:x.2307/2445770. JSTOR 2445770.
  22. ^ Evans R. (1999). "Rosaceae Phylogeny: Origin of Subfamily Maloideae". Rosaceae Phylogeny and Evolution. Botany Section, University of Toronto. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
  23. ^ Potter D, Gao F, Esteban Bortiri P, Oh SH, Baggett S (2002). "Phylogenetic relationships in Rosaceae inferred from chloroplast matK and trnL–trnF nucleotide sequence information". Plant Syst Evol. 231 (ane–four): 77–89. doi:10.1007/s006060200012. S2CID 35829880.
  24. ^ a b c d Potter D, Eriksson T, Evans RC, Oh S, Smedmark JE, Morgan DR, Kerr Yard, Robertson KR, Arsenault M, Dickinson TA, Campbell CS (2007). "Phylogeny and nomenclature of Rosaceae" (PDF). Plant Systematics and Development. 266 (1–2): 5–43. doi:10.1007/s00606-007-0539-ix. JSTOR 23655774. S2CID 16578516.
  25. ^ Töpel M, Antonelli A, Yesson C, Eriksen B (2012). "Past climate change and plant evolution in Western N America: A case report in Rosaceae". PLOS One. 7 (12): e50358. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...750358T. doi:10.1371/periodical.pone.0050358. PMC3517582. PMID 23236369.
  26. ^ Chen Z-D, Yan T, Lin L, Lu L-M, Li H-L, Sunday Thou, Liu B, Chen M, Niu Y-T, Ye J-F, Cao Z-Y, Liu H-1000, Wang X-One thousand, Wang Westward, Zhang J-B, Meng Z, Cao West, Li J-H, Wu S-D, Zhao H-Fifty, Liu Z-J, Du Z-Y, Wan Q-F, Guo J, Tan X-X, Su J-X, Zhang L-J, Yang L-50, Liao Y-Y, Li M-H, Zhang Chiliad-Q, Chung S-West, Zhang J, Xiang K-L, Li R-Q, Soltis DE, Soltis PS, Zhou Southward-L, Ran J-H, Wang X-Q, Jin X-H, Chen Y-S, Gao T-G, Li J-H, Zhang S-Z, Lu AM, China Phylogeny Consortium. (2016). "Tree of life for the genera of Chinese vascular plants". Periodical of Systematics and Evolution. 54 (4): 277–306. doi:10.1111/jse.12219. {{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  27. ^ a b c Heywood, 5.H.; Brummitt, R.K.; Culham, A.; Seberg, O. (2007). Flowering Plant Families of the Globe. Ontario, Canada: Firefly Books. pp. 280–282. ISBN978-i-55407-206-4.
  28. ^ "Rosaceae Juss.: FloraBase: Flora of Western Australia". calm.wa.gov.au.
  29. ^ Beentje, H. (2010). The Kew Establish Glossary, an Illustrated Lexicon of Constitute Terms. Kew, London, U.Thou.: Kew publishing. ISBN978-1-842-46422-9.
  30. ^ Folta, edited past Kevin M. (2008). Genetics and Genomics of Rosaceae (1. ed.). New York: Springer. p. ii. ISBN978-0-387-77490-9.
  31. ^ TOXNET: CASRN: 29883-15-half dozen
  32. ^ B.C. Bennett (undated). Economic Botany: 20-Five Economically Important Plant Families. Encyclopedia of Life Back up Systems (EOLSS) e-volume

External links

  • Rosaceae at the DELTA Online Families of Flowering Plants

This page was last edited on vii January 2022, at 08:fourteen

johnstonsheas1990.blogspot.com

Source: https://wiki2.org/en/Rosaceae

0 Response to "Fruits That Are Part of the Rose Family"

Postar um comentário

Assinar: Postar comentários (Atom)

Iklan Atas Artikel

Iklan Tengah Artikel 1

Iklan Tengah Artikel 2

Iklan Bawah Artikel